GCC Code Coverage Report

Directory: ../
Coverage: low: ≥ 0% medium: ≥ 75.0% high: ≥ 90.0%
Coverage Exec / Excl / Total
Lines: 97.7% 474 / 7 / 492
Functions: 96.2% 51 / 0 / 53
Branches: 62.3% 513 / 24 / 848
src/irgenerator/IRGenerator.cpp
Line Branch Exec Source
1 // Copyright (c) 2021-2026 ChilliBits. All rights reserved.
2
3 #include "IRGenerator.h"
4
5 #include <SourceFile.h>
6 #include <driver/Driver.h>
7 #include <global/GlobalResourceManager.h>
8 #include <model/Function.h>
9 #include <symboltablebuilder/SymbolTableBuilder.h>
10 #include <typechecker/FunctionManager.h>
11
12 #include <llvm/IR/Module.h>
13 #include <llvm/IR/Verifier.h>
14
15 namespace spice::compiler {
16
17 const std::string PRODUCER_STRING = "spice version " + std::string(SPICE_VERSION) + " (https://github.com/spicelang/spice)";
18
19 5583 IRGenerator::IRGenerator(GlobalResourceManager &resourceManager, SourceFile *sourceFile)
20 5583 : CompilerPass(resourceManager, sourceFile), context(cliOptions.useLTO ? resourceManager.ltoContext : sourceFile->context),
21
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 5583 builder(sourceFile->builder), module(sourceFile->llvmModule.get()), conversionManager(sourceFile, this),
22
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 11166 stdFunctionManager(sourceFile, resourceManager, module) {
23 // Attach information to the module
24
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 5583 module->setTargetTriple(cliOptions.targetTriple);
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 5583 module->setDataLayout(sourceFile->targetMachine->createDataLayout());
26
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 5583 if (cliOptions.outputContainer == OutputContainer::SHARED_LIBRARY) {
27
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 2 module->setPICLevel(llvm::PICLevel::SmallPIC);
28
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 2 module->setPIELevel(llvm::PIELevel::Default);
29 } else {
30
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 5581 module->setPICLevel(llvm::PICLevel::BigPIC);
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 5581 module->setPIELevel(llvm::PIELevel::Large);
32 }
33
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 5583 module->setUwtable(llvm::UWTableKind::Default);
34
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 5583 module->setFramePointer(llvm::FramePointerKind::All);
35
36 // Add module identifier metadata
37
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 5583 llvm::NamedMDNode *identifierMetadata = module->getOrInsertNamedMetadata("llvm.ident");
38
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 5583 identifierMetadata->addOperand(llvm::MDNode::get(context, llvm::MDString::get(context, PRODUCER_STRING)));
39
40 // Initialize common LLVM types
41
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 5583 llvmTypes.lambdaFatPtrType = llvm::StructType::get(context, {builder.getPtrTy(), builder.getPtrTy(), builder.getInt64Ty()});
42
43 // Initialize debug info generator
44
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 5583 if (cliOptions.instrumentation.generateDebugInfo)
45
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 2818 diGenerator.initialize(sourceFile->fileName, sourceFile->fileDir);
46 5583 }
47
48 5583 std::any IRGenerator::visitEntry(const EntryNode *node) {
49 // Generate IR
50
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 5583 visitChildren(node);
51
52 // Generate test main if required
53
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 5583 if (sourceFile->isMainFile && cliOptions.generateTestMain)
54 10 generateTestMain();
55
56 // Execute deferred VTable initializations
57
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 15688 for (DeferredLogic &deferredVTableInit : deferredVTableInitializations)
58
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 4522 deferredVTableInit.execute();
59
60 // Finalize debug info generator
61 5583 diGenerator.finalize();
62
63 // Verify module
64 5583 verifyModule(node->codeLoc);
65
66
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 11166 return nullptr;
67 }
68
69 244184 llvm::AllocaInst *IRGenerator::insertAlloca(llvm::Type *llvmType, const std::string &varName) {
70
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 244184 if (allocaInsertInst != nullptr) { // If there is already an alloca inst, insert right after that
71
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 158926 llvm::AllocaInst *allocaInst = builder.CreateAlloca(llvmType, nullptr, varName);
72 158926 allocaInst->dropLocation(); // Part of prologue
73 158926 allocaInst->moveAfter(allocaInsertInst);
74 158926 allocaInsertInst = allocaInst;
75 } else { // This is the first alloca inst in the current function -> insert at the entry block
76 // Save current basic block and move insert cursor to entry block of the current function
77 85258 llvm::BasicBlock *currentBlock = builder.GetInsertBlock();
78 85258 builder.SetInsertPoint(allocaInsertBlock, allocaInsertBlock->begin());
79
80 // Allocate the size of the given LLVM type
81
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 85258 allocaInsertInst = builder.CreateAlloca(llvmType, nullptr, varName);
82 85258 allocaInsertInst->dropLocation(); // Part of prologue
83
84 // Restore old basic block
85 85258 builder.SetInsertPoint(currentBlock);
86 }
87
88 // Insert lifetime start marker
89
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 244184 if (cliOptions.useLifetimeMarkers)
90 1657 builder.CreateLifetimeStart(allocaInsertInst);
91
92 244184 return allocaInsertInst;
93 }
94
95 195079 llvm::AllocaInst *IRGenerator::insertAlloca(const QualType &qualType, const std::string &varName) {
96 195079 llvm::Type *llvmType = qualType.toLLVMType(sourceFile);
97 195079 llvm::AllocaInst *alloca = insertAlloca(llvmType, varName);
98
99 // Insert type metadata
100
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 195079 if (cliOptions.useTBAAMetadata)
101 8 mdGenerator.generateTypeMetadata(allocaInsertInst, qualType);
102
103 195079 return alloca;
104 }
105
106 580770 llvm::LoadInst *IRGenerator::insertLoad(llvm::Type *llvmType, llvm::Value *ptr, bool isVolatile,
107 const std::string &varName) const {
108
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 580770 assert(ptr->getType()->isPointerTy());
109
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 580770 return builder.CreateLoad(llvmType, ptr, isVolatile, varName);
110 }
111
112 499701 llvm::LoadInst *IRGenerator::insertLoad(const QualType &qualType, llvm::Value *ptr, bool isVolatile, const std::string &varName) {
113 499701 llvm::Type *llvmType = qualType.toLLVMType(sourceFile);
114 499701 llvm::LoadInst *load = insertLoad(llvmType, ptr, isVolatile, varName);
115
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 499701 if (cliOptions.useTBAAMetadata)
116 10 mdGenerator.generateTBAAMetadata(load, qualType);
117 499701 return load;
118 }
119
120 306319 llvm::StoreInst *IRGenerator::insertStore(llvm::Value *val, llvm::Value *ptr, bool isVolatile) const {
121
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 306319 assert(ptr->getType()->isPointerTy());
122 306319 return builder.CreateStore(val, ptr, isVolatile);
123 }
124
125 86519 void IRGenerator::insertStore(llvm::Value *val, llvm::Value *ptr, const QualType &qualType, bool isVolatile) {
126 86519 llvm::StoreInst *store = insertStore(val, ptr, isVolatile);
127
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 86519 if (cliOptions.useTBAAMetadata)
128 8 mdGenerator.generateTBAAMetadata(store, qualType);
129 86519 }
130
131 167400 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::insertInBoundsGEP(llvm::Type *type, llvm::Value *basePtr, llvm::ArrayRef<llvm::Value *> indices,
132 const std::string &varName) const {
133
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 167400 assert(basePtr->getType()->isPointerTy());
134
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 167400 assert(!indices.empty());
135
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 486348 assert(std::ranges::all_of(indices, [](const llvm::Value *index) {
136 const llvm::Type *indexType = index->getType();
137 return indexType->isIntegerTy(32) || indexType->isIntegerTy(64);
138 }));
139
140 // Insert GEP
141
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 167400 return builder.CreateInBoundsGEP(type, basePtr, indices, varName);
142 }
143
144 59186 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::insertStructGEP(llvm::Type *type, llvm::Value *basePtr, unsigned int index,
145 const std::string &varName) const {
146
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 59186 assert(basePtr->getType()->isPointerTy());
147
148 // If we use index 0 we can use the base pointer directly
149
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 59186 if (index == 0)
150 19402 return basePtr;
151
152 // Insert GEP
153
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 39784 return builder.CreateStructGEP(type, basePtr, index, varName);
154 }
155
156 328109 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::resolveValue(const ExprNode *node) {
157 // Visit the given AST node
158
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 328109 auto exprResult = any_cast<LLVMExprResult>(visit(node));
159
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 656218 return resolveValue(node, exprResult);
160 }
161
162 363325 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::resolveValue(const ExprNode *node, LLVMExprResult &exprResult) {
163 363325 return resolveValue(node->getEvaluatedSymbolType(manIdx), exprResult);
164 }
165
166 706411 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::resolveValue(const QualType &qualType, LLVMExprResult &exprResult) {
167 // Check if the value is already present
168
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 706411 if (exprResult.value != nullptr)
169 221380 return exprResult.value;
170
171 // Check if a constant is present
172
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 485031 if (exprResult.constant != nullptr) {
173 148268 materializeConstant(exprResult);
174 148268 return exprResult.value;
175 }
176
177
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 336763 assert(exprResult.ptr != nullptr || exprResult.refPtr != nullptr);
178
179 // De-reference if reference type
180
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 336763 const bool isVolatile = exprResult.entry && exprResult.entry->isVolatile;
181
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 336763 if (exprResult.refPtr != nullptr && exprResult.ptr == nullptr)
182
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 4433 exprResult.ptr = insertLoad(builder.getPtrTy(), exprResult.refPtr, isVolatile);
183
184 // Load the value from the pointer
185
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 336763 const QualType referencedType = qualType.removeReferenceWrapper();
186
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 336763 exprResult.value = insertLoad(referencedType, exprResult.ptr, isVolatile);
187
188 336763 return exprResult.value;
189 }
190
191 34292 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::resolveAddress(const ASTNode *node) {
192 // Visit the given AST node
193
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 34292 auto exprResult = any_cast<LLVMExprResult>(visit(node));
194
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 68584 return resolveAddress(exprResult);
195 }
196
197 264442 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::resolveAddress(LLVMExprResult &exprResult) {
198 // Check if an address is already present
199
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 264442 if (exprResult.ptr != nullptr)
200 216254 return exprResult.ptr;
201
202 // Check if the reference address is already present
203
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 48188 const bool isVolatile = exprResult.entry && exprResult.entry->isVolatile;
204
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 48188 if (exprResult.refPtr != nullptr && exprResult.ptr == nullptr) {
205
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 39720 exprResult.ptr = insertLoad(builder.getPtrTy(), exprResult.refPtr, isVolatile);
206 39720 return exprResult.ptr;
207 }
208
209 // If not, store the value or constant
210 8468 materializeConstant(exprResult);
211
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 8468 assert(exprResult.value != nullptr);
212
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 16924 exprResult.ptr = insertAlloca(exprResult.value->getType(), exprResult.entry ? exprResult.entry->name : "");
213 8468 insertStore(exprResult.value, exprResult.ptr, isVolatile);
214
215 8468 return exprResult.ptr;
216 }
217
218 /**
219 * Pack a scalar compile-time constant (integer, float, or a null pointer/aggregate) into a raw byte-array constant of
220 * the given type, using the target's endianness. This is used to embed a union's default field value into its
221 * byte-buffer payload without needing a bitcast between unrelated LLVM types (which is not something opaque-pointer-
222 * era LLVM supports between arbitrary aggregate/scalar types).
223 *
224 * Non-null pointer-shaped constants (e.g. a string literal's global address) cannot be represented this way, since
225 * their real value is only known at link/load time (a relocation) and a plain byte array cannot carry one.
226 *
227 * @param value Compile-time constant to pack
228 * @param byteArrayType Target byte-array type (element type i8)
229 * @return Packed byte-array constant
230 */
231 4 llvm::Constant *IRGenerator::packConstantAsByteArray(llvm::Constant *value, llvm::ArrayType *byteArrayType) const {
232
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 4 assert(byteArrayType->getElementType()->isIntegerTy(8));
233 4 const uint64_t numBytes = byteArrayType->getNumElements();
234
235 // A null/zero constant (e.g. a null pointer, or a zero-initialized aggregate) packs trivially as all-zero bytes.
236
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 4 if (value->isNullValue())
237 ✗ return llvm::Constant::getNullValue(byteArrayType);
238
239 4 llvm::APInt bits;
240
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 4 if (const auto *constantInt = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::ConstantInt>(value)) {
241
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 4 bits = constantInt->getValue();
242 ✗ } else if (const auto *constantFP = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::ConstantFP>(value)) {
243 ✗ bits = constantFP->getValueAPF().bitcastToAPInt();
244 } else {
245 // See the function comment: this is a rare case in practice (most union field defaults are numeric), so it is
246 // deliberately unsupported for now rather than silently producing a wrong default value.
247 − throw CompilerError(INTERNAL_ERROR, "Unsupported default value for a union field of this type"); // GCOV_EXCL_LINE
248 }
249
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 4 bits = bits.zext(numBytes * 8);
250
251 4 const bool isLittleEndian = module->getDataLayout().isLittleEndian();
252
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 8 std::vector<uint8_t> bytes(numBytes);
253
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 36 for (uint64_t i = 0; i < numBytes; i++) {
254
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 32 const uint64_t byteIndex = isLittleEndian ? i : numBytes - 1 - i;
255
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 32 bytes[byteIndex] = static_cast<uint8_t>(bits.extractBits(8, i * 8).getZExtValue());
256 }
257
258
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 4 return llvm::ConstantDataArray::get(context, bytes);
259 4 }
260
261 14231 llvm::Constant *IRGenerator::getDefaultValueForSymbolType(const QualType &symbolType) { // NOLINT(misc-no-recursion)
262 // Double
263
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 14231 if (symbolType.is(TY_DOUBLE))
264
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 92 return llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(0.0));
265
266 // Int
267
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 14139 if (symbolType.is(TY_INT))
268 2091 return builder.getInt32(0);
269
270 // Short
271
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 12048 if (symbolType.is(TY_SHORT))
272 38 return builder.getInt16(0);
273
274 // Long
275
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 12010 if (symbolType.is(TY_LONG))
276 2505 return builder.getInt64(0);
277
278 // Byte or char
279
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 9505 if (symbolType.isOneOf({TY_BYTE, TY_CHAR}))
280 292 return builder.getInt8(0);
281
282 // String
283
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 9213 if (symbolType.is(TY_STRING)) {
284
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 1943 llvm::GlobalVariable *globalString = builder.CreateGlobalString("", "");
285
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 1943 if (cliOptions.comparableOutput)
286
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 1943 globalString->setAlignment(llvm::Align(4));
287 1943 return globalString;
288 }
289
290 // Bool
291
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 7270 if (symbolType.is(TY_BOOL))
292 372 return builder.getFalse();
293
294 // Pointer or reference
295
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 6898 if (symbolType.isOneOf({TY_PTR, TY_REF}))
296 4912 return llvm::Constant::getNullValue(builder.getPtrTy());
297
298 // Array
299
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 1986 if (symbolType.isArray()) {
300 // Get array size
301
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 190 const size_t arraySize = symbolType.getArraySize();
302
303 // Get default value for item
304
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 190 llvm::Constant *defaultItemValue = getDefaultValueForSymbolType(symbolType.getContained());
305
306 // Retrieve array and item type
307
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 190 llvm::Type *itemType = symbolType.getContained().toLLVMType(sourceFile);
308
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 190 llvm::ArrayType *arrayType = llvm::ArrayType::get(itemType, arraySize);
309
310 // Create a constant array with n times the default value
311
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 380 const std::vector itemConstants(arraySize, defaultItemValue);
312
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 190 return llvm::ConstantArray::get(arrayType, itemConstants);
313 190 }
314
315 // Function or procedure
316
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 1796 if (symbolType.isOneOf({TY_FUNCTION, TY_PROCEDURE})) {
317
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 146 llvm::Constant *ptrDefaultValue = getDefaultValueForSymbolType(QualType(TY_PTR));
318 146 llvm::Constant *sizeDefaultValue = builder.getInt64(0);
319
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 146 return llvm::ConstantStruct::get(llvmTypes.lambdaFatPtrType, {ptrDefaultValue, ptrDefaultValue, sizeDefaultValue});
320 }
321
322 // Struct
323
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 1650 if (symbolType.is(TY_STRUCT)) {
324 // Retrieve field count
325
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 1540 Scope *structScope = symbolType.getBodyScope();
326
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 1540 assert(structScope != nullptr);
327
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 1540 const size_t fieldCount = structScope->getFieldCount();
328
329 // Get default values for all fields of the struct
330 1540 std::vector<llvm::Constant *> fieldConstants;
331
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 1540 fieldConstants.reserve(fieldCount);
332
333 // Add default value for each struct field
334
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 5900 for (size_t i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
335 // Get entry of the field
336
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 4360 const SymbolTableEntry *fieldEntry = structScope->lookupField(i);
337
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 4360 assert(fieldEntry != nullptr && fieldEntry->isField());
338
339 // Retrieve default field value
340 llvm::Constant *defaultFieldValue;
341
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 4360 if (const auto fieldNode = dynamic_cast<FieldNode *>(fieldEntry->declNode); fieldNode && fieldNode->defaultValue)
342
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 3726 defaultFieldValue = getConst(fieldNode->defaultValue->getCompileTimeValue(manIdx), fieldEntry->getQualType(), fieldNode);
343 else
344
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 634 defaultFieldValue = getDefaultValueForSymbolType(fieldEntry->getQualType());
345
346
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 4360 fieldConstants.push_back(defaultFieldValue);
347 }
348
349
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 1540 const auto structType = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(symbolType.toLLVMType(sourceFile));
350
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 1540 return llvm::ConstantStruct::get(structType, fieldConstants);
351 1540 }
352
353 // Union
354
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 110 if (symbolType.is(TY_UNION)) {
355 52 Scope *unionScope = symbolType.getBodyScope();
356
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 52 assert(unionScope != nullptr);
357 52 const size_t fieldCount = unionScope->getFieldCount();
358
359 // Find the (at most one) field with a default value. Tag 0 is reserved for the "unset" state (see the matching
360 // comment in IRGenerator::visitPostfixUnaryExpr's TY_UNION branch), so a field's tag is its index shifted by one.
361 52 uint32_t defaultFieldTag = 0; // Sentinel: no field is active ("unset" state)
362 52 llvm::Constant *defaultFieldValue = nullptr;
363
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 328 for (size_t i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
364
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 280 const SymbolTableEntry *fieldEntry = unionScope->lookupField(i);
365
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 280 assert(fieldEntry != nullptr && fieldEntry->isField());
366
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 280 const auto fieldNode = dynamic_cast<FieldNode *>(fieldEntry->declNode);
367
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 280 if (fieldNode && fieldNode->defaultValue) {
368 4 defaultFieldTag = static_cast<uint32_t>(i) + 1;
369
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 4 defaultFieldValue = getConst(fieldNode->defaultValue->getCompileTimeValue(manIdx), fieldEntry->getQualType(), fieldNode);
370 4 break;
371 }
372 }
373
374 52 const auto unionType = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(symbolType.toLLVMType(sourceFile));
375
376 // With no default field, tag 0 and an all-zero payload is exactly the "unset" state, so the whole constant
377 // collapses to a plain zero value. This also makes such a union eligible for zero-initialized (.bss) storage
378 // when used as a global, rather than requiring an explicit non-zero initializer.
379
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 52 if (!defaultFieldValue)
380 48 return llvm::Constant::getNullValue(unionType);
381
382 4 llvm::Constant *tagConstant = builder.getInt32(defaultFieldTag);
383 4 llvm::Constant *alignPadConstant = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(unionType->getElementType(1));
384 4 auto *payloadType = llvm::cast<llvm::ArrayType>(unionType->getElementType(2));
385 4 llvm::Constant *payloadConstant = packConstantAsByteArray(defaultFieldValue, payloadType);
386
387
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 4 return llvm::ConstantStruct::get(unionType, {tagConstant, alignPadConstant, payloadConstant});
388 }
389
390 // Interface
391
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 58 if (symbolType.is(TY_INTERFACE)) {
392 58 const auto structType = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(symbolType.toLLVMType(sourceFile));
393 58 return llvm::ConstantStruct::get(structType, llvm::Constant::getNullValue(builder.getPtrTy()));
394 }
395
396 − throw CompilerError(INTERNAL_ERROR, "Cannot determine default value for symbol type"); // GCOV_EXCL_LINE
397 }
398
399 139130 llvm::Constant *IRGenerator::getConst(const CompileTimeValue &compileTimeValue, const QualType &type, const ASTNode *node) const {
400
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 139130 if (type.is(TY_DOUBLE))
401
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 3858 return llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(compileTimeValue.doubleValue));
402
403
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 135272 if (type.is(TY_INT))
404 22052 return builder.getInt32(compileTimeValue.intValue);
405
406
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 113220 if (type.is(TY_SHORT))
407 2664 return builder.getInt16(compileTimeValue.shortValue);
408
409
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 110556 if (type.is(TY_LONG))
410 62513 return builder.getInt64(compileTimeValue.longValue);
411
412
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 48043 if (type.isOneOf({TY_BYTE, TY_CHAR}))
413 12987 return builder.getInt8(compileTimeValue.charValue);
414
415
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 35056 if (type.is(TY_STRING)) {
416 23254 const std::string &stringValue = resourceManager.compileTimeStringValues.at(compileTimeValue.stringValueOffset);
417
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 69762 return createGlobalStringConst(ANON_GLOBAL_STRING_NAME, stringValue, node->codeLoc);
418 }
419
420
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 11802 if (type.is(TY_BOOL))
421 10646 return builder.getInt1(compileTimeValue.boolValue);
422
423
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 1156 if (type.is(TY_PTR))
424 1156 return llvm::Constant::getNullValue(builder.getPtrTy());
425
426 − throw CompilerError(UNHANDLED_BRANCH, "Constant fall-through"); // GCOV_EXCL_LINE
427 }
428
429 271558 llvm::BasicBlock *IRGenerator::createBlock(const std::string &blockName /*=""*/) const {
430
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 271558 return llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, blockName);
431 }
432
433 271558 void IRGenerator::switchToBlock(llvm::BasicBlock *block, llvm::Function *parentFct /*=nullptr*/) {
434
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 271558 assert(block->getParent() == nullptr); // Ensure that the block was not added to a function already
435 // If no parent function were passed, use the current function
436
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 271558 if (!parentFct)
437 185356 parentFct = builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
438 // Append block to current function
439 271558 parentFct->insert(parentFct->end(), block);
440 // Set insert point to the block
441 271558 builder.SetInsertPoint(block);
442 271558 blockAlreadyTerminated = false;
443 271558 }
444
445 4979 void IRGenerator::terminateBlock(const StmtLstNode *stmtLstNode) {
446 4979 generateScopeCleanup(stmtLstNode);
447 4979 blockAlreadyTerminated = true;
448 4979 }
449
450 96798 void IRGenerator::insertJump(llvm::BasicBlock *targetBlock) {
451
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 96798 if (blockAlreadyTerminated)
452 32095 return;
453 64703 builder.CreateBr(targetBlock);
454 64703 blockAlreadyTerminated = true;
455 }
456
457 80006 void IRGenerator::insertCondJump(llvm::Value *condition, llvm::BasicBlock *trueBlock, llvm::BasicBlock *falseBlock,
458 Likelihood likelihood /*=UNSPECIFIED*/) {
459
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 80006 if (blockAlreadyTerminated)
460 ✗ return;
461 80006 llvm::CondBrInst *jumpInst = builder.CreateCondBr(condition, trueBlock, falseBlock);
462 80006 blockAlreadyTerminated = true;
463
464
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 80006 if (likelihood != Likelihood::UNSPECIFIED)
465 11121 mdGenerator.generateBranchWeightsMetadata(jumpInst, likelihood);
466 }
467
468 86176 void IRGenerator::verifyFunction(const llvm::Function *fct, const CodeLoc &codeLoc) const {
469 // Skip the verifying step if the verifier was disabled manually or debug info is emitted
470
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 86176 if (cliOptions.disableVerifier)
471 ✗ return;
472
473 // Verify function
474 86176 std::string output;
475
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 86176 llvm::raw_string_ostream oss(output);
476 − if (llvm::verifyFunction(*fct, &oss)) // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
477 − throw CompilerError(codeLoc, INVALID_FUNCTION, output); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
478 86176 }
479
480 5583 void IRGenerator::verifyModule(const CodeLoc &codeLoc) const {
481 // Skip the verifying step if the verifier was disabled manually or debug info is emitted
482
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 5583 if (cliOptions.disableVerifier)
483 ✗ return;
484
485 // Verify module
486 5583 std::string output;
487
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 5583 llvm::raw_string_ostream oss(output);
488 − if (llvm::verifyModule(*module, &oss)) // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
489 − throw CompilerError(codeLoc, INVALID_MODULE, output); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
490 5583 }
491
492 47555 LLVMExprResult IRGenerator::doAssignment(const ASTNode *lhsNode, const ExprNode *rhsNode, const ASTNode *node) {
493 // Get entry of left side
494
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 47555 auto exprResult = std::any_cast<LLVMExprResult>(visit(lhsNode));
495 47555 const SymbolTableEntry *entry = exprResult.entry;
496
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 47555 llvm::Value *lhsAddress = entry != nullptr && entry->getQualType().isRef() ? exprResult.refPtr : resolveAddress(exprResult);
497
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 95110 return doAssignment(lhsAddress, entry, rhsNode, node);
498 }
499
500 107089 LLVMExprResult IRGenerator::doAssignment(llvm::Value *lhsAddress, const SymbolTableEntry *lhsEntry, const ExprNode *rhsNode,
501 const ASTNode *node, bool isDecl) {
502 // Get symbol type of right side
503
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 107089 const QualType &rhsSType = rhsNode->getEvaluatedSymbolType(manIdx);
504
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 107089 auto rhs = std::any_cast<LLVMExprResult>(visit(rhsNode));
505
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 214178 return doAssignment(lhsAddress, lhsEntry, rhs, rhsSType, node, isDecl);
506 }
507
508 108282 LLVMExprResult IRGenerator::doAssignment(llvm::Value *lhsAddress, const SymbolTableEntry *lhsEntry, LLVMExprResult &rhs,
509 const QualType &rhsSType, const ASTNode *node, bool isDecl) {
510 // Deduce some information about the assignment
511
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 108282 const bool isRefAssign = lhsEntry != nullptr && lhsEntry->getQualType().isRef();
512 // A non-temporary struct value assigned by value needs a deep copy. This holds whether the destination is a direct
513 // lvalue or the value behind an already-bound reference (assign-through): the binding cases of a reference assignment
514 // (declaration/initial field ref/return value) all return early above before this is consumed, so the remaining
515 // reference assignments are assign-throughs that must copy into the referent instead of shallow-copying (which would
516 // alias the rhs' owned members and double-free).
517
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 108282 const bool needsCopy = rhsSType.removeReferenceWrapper().is(TY_STRUCT) && !rhs.isTemporary();
518
519
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 108282 if (isRefAssign) {
520
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 8871 assert(lhsEntry != nullptr);
521
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 8871 if (isDecl) { // Reference gets initially assigned
522 // Store lhs pointer to rhs
523
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 6127 llvm::Value *refAddress = insertAlloca(builder.getPtrTy());
524 6127 updateAddress(lhsEntry, refAddress);
525
526 // Generate debug info for variable declaration
527 6127 diGenerator.generateLocalVarDebugInfo(lhsEntry->name, refAddress);
528
529 // Get address of right side
530 6127 llvm::Value *rhsAddress = resolveAddress(rhs);
531
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 6127 assert(rhsAddress != nullptr);
532 6127 insertStore(rhsAddress, refAddress);
533
534 6127 return LLVMExprResult{.value = rhsAddress, .ptr = refAddress, .entry = lhsEntry};
535 }
536
537 // Reference to reference assignment (only for struct fields that are not initialized yet)
538 // These are only allowed inside a ctor body. In other cases, the value of the reference gets assigned, not the ref itself.
539
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 2744 const bool isInitialFieldRefAssign = isInCtorBody && rhsSType.isRef() && rhs.entry && lhsEntry->isField();
540 // Assigning the result variable
541 2744 const bool isReturnValAssign = lhsEntry->name == RETURN_VARIABLE_NAME;
542
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 2744 if (isInitialFieldRefAssign || isReturnValAssign) {
543 // Get address of right side
544 2027 llvm::Value *referencedAddress = resolveAddress(rhs);
545
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 2027 assert(referencedAddress != nullptr);
546
547 // Store the rhs* to the lhs**
548 2027 insertStore(referencedAddress, lhsAddress);
549
550 2027 return LLVMExprResult{.value = referencedAddress, .ptr = lhsAddress, .entry = lhsEntry};
551 }
552
553 // Load referenced address
554
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 717 lhsAddress = insertLoad(builder.getPtrTy(), lhsAddress);
555 }
556
557
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 100128 if (isDecl && rhsSType.is(TY_STRUCT) && rhs.isTemporary()) {
558
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 6489 assert(lhsEntry != nullptr);
559
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 6489 llvm::Value *rhsAddress = resolveAddress(rhs);
560 // Only adopt the temporary's storage directly (temp stealing) unless it is a phi merging two independently
561 // materialized pointers (e.g. a ternary whose branches each own their own storage). Lifetime markers require
562 // their operand to be a real alloca, so stealing such a phi here would emit an invalid llvm.lifetime.end
563 // under --sanitizer=address. Any other pointer (a plain alloca, or one derived from it via GEP/load, as in
564 // the foreach-loop item extraction below) denotes a single, stable piece of storage and is safe to adopt.
565 // The temporary's ownership fully transfers to lhsEntry either way (its underlying storage is never
566 // separately destructed), so falling back to a shallow copy into a dedicated alloca is exactly as correct,
567 // just gives up the pointer-adoption optimization for the phi case.
568
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 6489 if (!llvm::isa<llvm::PHINode>(rhsAddress)) {
569 // Directly set the address to the lhs entry (temp stealing)
570
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 6477 updateAddress(lhsEntry, rhsAddress);
571 6477 rhs.entry = lhsEntry;
572 // Generate debug info for variable declaration
573
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 6477 diGenerator.generateLocalVarDebugInfo(lhsEntry->name, rhsAddress);
574 6477 return rhs;
575 }
576 // Size the copy off lhsEntry's own type, not rhsSType: some callers (e.g. the foreach-loop item
577 // extraction below) pass a struct rhsSType only to steer this branch, while rhs itself resolves (through
578 // refPtr indirection) to a differently-typed value; lhsEntry's type is always the authoritative one here.
579
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 12 const QualType &lhsQualType = lhsEntry->getQualType();
580
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 12 llvm::Value *lhsAddr = insertAlloca(lhsQualType);
581
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 12 updateAddress(lhsEntry, lhsAddr);
582
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 12 diGenerator.generateLocalVarDebugInfo(lhsEntry->name, lhsAddr);
583
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 12 generateShallowCopy(rhsAddress, lhsQualType.toLLVMType(sourceFile), lhsAddr, lhsEntry->isVolatile);
584 12 rhs.ptr = lhsAddr;
585 12 rhs.entry = lhsEntry;
586 12 return rhs;
587 }
588
589 // Allocate new memory if the lhs address does not exist
590
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 93639 if (!lhsAddress) {
591
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 47666 assert(lhsEntry != nullptr);
592
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 47666 lhsAddress = insertAlloca(lhsEntry->getQualType());
593 47666 updateAddress(lhsEntry, lhsAddress);
594 // Generate debug info for variable declaration
595 47666 diGenerator.generateLocalVarDebugInfo(lhsEntry->name, lhsAddress);
596 }
597
598 // Check if we try to assign an array by value to a pointer. Here we have to store the address of the first element to the lhs
599
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 93639 if (lhsEntry && lhsEntry->getQualType().isPtr() && rhsSType.isArray() && rhsSType.getArraySize() != ARRAY_SIZE_UNKNOWN) {
600 // Get address of right side
601
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 4 llvm::Value *rhsAddress = resolveAddress(rhs);
602
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 4 assert(rhsAddress != nullptr);
603
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 4 llvm::Type *elementTy = rhsSType.toLLVMType(sourceFile);
604
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 4 llvm::Value *indices[2] = {builder.getInt64(0), builder.getInt32(0)};
605
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 4 llvm::Value *firstItemAddress = insertInBoundsGEP(elementTy, rhsAddress, indices);
606
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 4 insertStore(firstItemAddress, lhsAddress);
607 4 return LLVMExprResult{.value = rhsAddress, .ptr = lhsAddress, .entry = lhsEntry};
608 }
609
610 // Handle operator overloads
611
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 93635 if (!isDecl && conversionManager.callsOverloadedOpFct(node, DEFAULT_OP_IDX)) {
612 1184 ResolverFct lhsV = [&] { return static_cast<llvm::Value *>(nullptr); };
613
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 1184 ResolverFct rhsV = [&] { return resolveValue(rhsSType, rhs); };
614 2368 ResolverFct lhsP = [&] { return lhsAddress; };
615 2368 ResolverFct rhsP = [&] { return resolveAddress(rhs); };
616 1184 return conversionManager.callOperatorOverloadFct<2>(node, {lhsV, lhsP, rhsV, rhsP}, DEFAULT_OP_IDX);
617 1184 }
618
619 // Check if we need to copy the rhs to the lhs. This happens for structs
620
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 92451 if (needsCopy) {
621 // Get address of right side
622
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 1235 llvm::Value *rhsAddress = resolveAddress(rhs);
623
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 1235 assert(rhsAddress != nullptr);
624
625 // If the lhs already holds an initialized, non-trivially-destructible struct, its old value must be
626 // destructed before the copy overwrites it, otherwise its owning members (heap pointers, strings, ...)
627 // would leak. The typechecker only sets a dtor in exactly those cases. To stay correct for a self-
628 // assignment like 'a = a', the destruct + copy are skipped entirely when both sides share the address
629 // (the assignment is a no-op in that case, and destructing first would corrupt the value to copy from).
630
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 1235 const auto *assignNode = dynamic_cast<const AssignExprNode *>(node);
631
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 1235 const Function *lhsDtor = assignNode ? assignNode->lhsDtorFct.at(manIdx) : nullptr;
632 1235 llvm::BasicBlock *bCopyEnd = nullptr;
633
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 1235 if (lhsDtor != nullptr) {
634
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 124 llvm::BasicBlock *bCopy = createBlock("assign.copy");
635
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 62 bCopyEnd = createBlock("assign.copy.end");
636
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 62 insertCondJump(builder.CreateICmpEQ(lhsAddress, rhsAddress), bCopyEnd, bCopy);
637
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 62 switchToBlock(bCopy);
638
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 62 generateCtorOrDtorCall(lhsAddress, lhsDtor, {});
639 }
640
641
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 1235 const QualType rhsSTypeNonRef = rhsSType.removeReferenceWrapper().toNonConst();
642
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 1235 if (rhsSTypeNonRef.isTriviallyCopyable(node)) {
643 // Create shallow copy
644
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 990 llvm::Type *rhsType = rhsSTypeNonRef.toLLVMType(sourceFile);
645
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 990 const std::string copyName = lhsEntry ? lhsEntry->name : "";
646
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 990 generateShallowCopy(rhsAddress, rhsType, lhsAddress, lhsEntry && lhsEntry->isVolatile);
647 990 } else {
648 // Check if we have a copy ctor
649
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 245 Scope *structScope = rhsSTypeNonRef.getBodyScope();
650
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 735 const ArgList args = {{rhsSTypeNonRef.toConstRef(node), rhs.isTemporary()}};
651
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 245 const Function *copyCtor = FunctionManager::lookup(structScope, CTOR_FUNCTION_NAME, rhsSTypeNonRef, args, true);
652
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 245 if (copyCtor != nullptr) {
653 // Call copy ctor
654
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 490 generateCtorOrDtorCall(lhsAddress, copyCtor, {rhsAddress});
655 } else {
656 ✗ const std::string structName = rhsSTypeNonRef.getName();
657 ✗ const std::string msg = "Cannot copy struct '" + structName + "', as it is not trivially copyable and has no copy ctor";
658 ✗ throw SemanticError(node, COPY_CTOR_REQUIRED, msg);
659 ✗ }
660 245 }
661
662 // Close the self-assignment guard
663
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 1235 if (bCopyEnd != nullptr) {
664
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 62 insertJump(bCopyEnd);
665
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 62 switchToBlock(bCopyEnd);
666 }
667 1235 return LLVMExprResult{.ptr = lhsAddress, .entry = lhsEntry};
668 }
669
670 // Optimization: If we have the address of both sides, we can do a memcpy instead of loading and storing the value
671 91216 llvm::Value *rhsValue = nullptr;
672
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 91216 if (rhsSType.is(TY_STRUCT) && rhs.value == nullptr && rhs.constant == nullptr) {
673 // Create shallow copy
674
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 4697 const QualType rhsSTypeNonRef = rhsSType.removeReferenceWrapper().toNonConst();
675
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 4697 llvm::Type *rhsType = rhsSTypeNonRef.toLLVMType(sourceFile);
676
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 4697 llvm::Value *rhsAddress = resolveAddress(rhs);
677
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 4697 assert(rhsAddress != nullptr);
678
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 5581 const std::string copyName = lhsEntry ? lhsEntry->name : "";
679
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 4697 generateShallowCopy(rhsAddress, rhsType, lhsAddress, lhsEntry && lhsEntry->isVolatile);
680 4697 } else {
681 // We can load the value from the right side and store it to the left side
682 // Retrieve value of the right side
683 86519 rhsValue = resolveValue(rhsSType, rhs);
684 // Store the value to the address
685 86519 insertStore(rhsValue, lhsAddress, rhsSType);
686 }
687
688 91216 return LLVMExprResult{.value = rhsValue, .ptr = lhsAddress, .entry = lhsEntry};
689
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 1184 }
690
691 6301 void IRGenerator::generateShallowCopy(llvm::Value *oldAddress, llvm::Type *varType, llvm::Value *targetAddress,
692 bool isVolatile) const {
693 // Retrieve size to copy
694
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 6301 const llvm::TypeSize typeSize = module->getDataLayout().getTypeAllocSize(varType);
695
696 // Create values for memcpy intrinsic
697
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 6301 llvm::Value *structSize = builder.getInt64(typeSize);
698
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 6301 llvm::Value *copyVolatile = builder.getInt1(isVolatile);
699
700 // Call memcpy intrinsic to execute the shallow copy
701
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 6301 llvm::Function *memcpyFct = stdFunctionManager.getMemcpyIntrinsic();
702
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 6301 assert(targetAddress != nullptr);
703
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 6301 builder.CreateCall(memcpyFct, {targetAddress, oldAddress, structSize, copyVolatile});
704 6301 }
705
706 219605 void IRGenerator::autoDeReferencePtr(llvm::Value *&ptr, QualType &symbolType) {
707
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 382543 while (symbolType.isPtr() || symbolType.isRef()) {
708
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 162938 ptr = insertLoad(symbolType, ptr);
709
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 162938 symbolType = symbolType.getContained();
710 }
711 219605 }
712
713 628 llvm::GlobalVariable *IRGenerator::createGlobalConst(const std::string &baseName, llvm::Constant *constant) const {
714 // Get unused name
715
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 628 const std::string globalName = getUnusedGlobalName(baseName);
716 // Create global
717
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 628 module->getOrInsertGlobal(globalName, constant->getType());
718
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 628 llvm::GlobalVariable *global = module->getNamedGlobal(globalName);
719 // Set initializer to the given constant
720
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 628 global->setInitializer(constant);
721 628 global->setConstant(true);
722
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 628 global->setLinkage(llvm::GlobalValue::PrivateLinkage);
723 628 global->setUnnamedAddr(llvm::GlobalValue::UnnamedAddr::Global);
724 628 return global;
725 628 }
726
727 25959 llvm::GlobalVariable *IRGenerator::createGlobalStringConst(const std::string &baseName, const std::string &value) const {
728 // Get unused name
729
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 25959 const std::string globalName = getUnusedGlobalName(baseName);
730 // Create global
731
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 25959 builder.CreateGlobalString(value, globalName, 0, module);
732
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 25959 llvm::GlobalVariable *global = module->getNamedGlobal(globalName);
733 // If the output should be comparable, fix alignment to 4 bytes
734
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 25959 if (cliOptions.comparableOutput)
735
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 25959 global->setAlignment(llvm::Align(4));
736 25959 return global;
737 25959 }
738
739 25959 llvm::GlobalVariable *IRGenerator::createGlobalStringConst(const std::string &baseName, const std::string &value,
740 const CodeLoc &codeLoc) const {
741 25959 llvm::GlobalVariable *global = createGlobalStringConst(baseName, value);
742 // Create debug info
743
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 25959 if (cliOptions.instrumentation.generateDebugInfo)
744
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 13044 diGenerator.generateGlobalStringDebugInfo(global, global->getName().str(), value.length(), codeLoc);
745 25959 return global;
746 }
747
748 42605 std::string IRGenerator::getUnusedGlobalName(const std::string &baseName) const {
749 // Find an unused global name
750 42605 std::string globalName;
751 42605 unsigned int suffixNumber = 0;
752 do {
753
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 1652684 globalName = baseName + std::to_string(suffixNumber);
754 1652684 suffixNumber++;
755
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 1652684 } while (module->getNamedGlobal(globalName) != nullptr);
756 42605 return globalName;
757 ✗ }
758
759 156736 void IRGenerator::materializeConstant(LLVMExprResult &exprResult) {
760 // Skip results, that do not contain a constant or already have a value
761
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 156736 if (exprResult.value != nullptr || exprResult.constant == nullptr)
762 5736 return;
763
764 // Default case: the value to the constant
765 151000 exprResult.value = exprResult.constant;
766 }
767
768 102607 bool IRGenerator::isSymbolDSOLocal(bool isPublic) const {
769 // If we are compiling a shared library and export the global symbol, we need to drop dso_local
770 // because it may be interposed by other shared objects by the dynamic linker.
771
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 102607 return !(isPublic && cliOptions.outputContainer == OutputContainer::SHARED_LIBRARY);
772 }
773
774 90921 llvm::GlobalValue::LinkageTypes IRGenerator::getSymbolLinkageType(bool isPublic) const {
775
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 90921 return isPublic ? llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage : llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage;
776 }
777
778 13566 llvm::GlobalValue::LinkageTypes IRGenerator::getVTableLinkageType(bool isPublic) const {
779 // VTables, type infos and type info names are ODR entities that may legitimately be emitted in more than one
780 // translation unit (e.g. an interface that is defined in one file and used from several importing files). Giving
781 // them weak ODR linkage lets the linker coalesce the duplicates. On ELF this pairs with the comdat group below; on
782 // MachO, which has no comdat support, the weak/coalesced linkage is what prevents a duplicate-symbol error.
783
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 13566 return isPublic ? llvm::GlobalValue::WeakODRLinkage : llvm::GlobalValue::PrivateLinkage;
784 }
785
786 13566 void IRGenerator::attachComdatToSymbol(llvm::GlobalVariable *global, const std::string &comdatName, bool isPublic) const {
787 // MachO does not support comdat annotations
788
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 13566 if (isPublic && cliOptions.targetTriple.getObjectFormat() != llvm::Triple::MachO)
789
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 13338 global->setComdat(module->getOrInsertComdat(comdatName));
790 13566 }
791
792 /**
793 * Attach the function attributes that all functions we emit have in common.
794 *
795 * Spice does not know exceptions and we never emit landing pads, so none of our functions can unwind. We still request
796 * an unwind table, so that debuggers and profilers are able to produce correct stack traces.
797 *
798 * The size levels are not communicated to LLVM by the pass pipeline alone - since Os and Oz both select the O2
799 * pipeline, 'optsize' and 'minsize' on the individual function are what actually distinguishes them. Without 'minsize',
800 * Oz is indistinguishable from Os.
801 *
802 * @param fct Function to attach the attributes to
803 * @param isAlwaysInline Whether the function was declared as inline
804 */
805 86202 void IRGenerator::addCommonFctAttrs(llvm::Function *fct, bool isAlwaysInline) const {
806 86202 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::NoUnwind);
807 86202 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::getWithUWTableKind(context, llvm::UWTableKind::Default));
808
809 // Explicitly inlined functions must not be marked as 'optnone', because that is incompatible with 'alwaysinline'.
810 // This matches the behavior of other frontends: an inline request is honored, even at O0.
811
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 86202 if (isAlwaysInline) {
812 19294 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::AlwaysInline);
813
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 66908 } else if (cliOptions.optLevel == OptLevel::O0) {
814 66808 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::OptimizeNone);
815 66808 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::NoInline); // 'optnone' requires 'noinline'
816 }
817
818
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 86202 if (cliOptions.optLevel >= OptLevel::Os) {
819 4 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::OptimizeForSize);
820
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 4 if (cliOptions.optLevel == OptLevel::Oz)
821 2 fct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::MinSize);
822 }
823 86202 }
824
825 558174 llvm::Value *IRGenerator::getAddress(const SymbolTableEntry *entry) {
826
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 558174 const auto it = addressMap.find(entry);
827
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 558174 if (it == addressMap.end() || it->second.empty())
828 1156 return nullptr;
829 557018 return it->second.top();
830 }
831
832 367976 void IRGenerator::updateAddress(const SymbolTableEntry *entry, llvm::Value *address) {
833
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 367976 assert(address != nullptr);
834
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 367976 assert(address->getType()->isPointerTy());
835 367976 auto &stack = addressMap[entry];
836
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 367976 if (stack.empty())
837 288038 stack.push(address);
838 else
839 79938 stack.top() = address;
840 367976 }
841
842 126 void IRGenerator::pushAddress(const SymbolTableEntry *entry, llvm::Value *address) {
843
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 126 assert(address != nullptr);
844 126 addressMap[entry].push(address);
845 126 }
846
847 126 void IRGenerator::popAddress(const SymbolTableEntry *entry) {
848
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 126 auto it = addressMap.find(entry);
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 126 assert(it != addressMap.end() && !it->second.empty());
850 126 it->second.pop();
851 126 }
852
853 14634 llvm::Function *IRGenerator::getLLVMFunction(const Function *spiceFunc) {
854
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 14634 const auto it = llvmFunctions.find(spiceFunc);
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 29268 return it != llvmFunctions.end() ? it->second : nullptr;
856 }
857
858 83188 void IRGenerator::setLLVMFunction(const Function *spiceFunc, llvm::Function *llvmFunction) {
859
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 83188 assert(llvmFunction != nullptr);
860 83188 llvmFunctions[spiceFunc] = llvmFunction;
861 83188 }
862
863 10893 std::string IRGenerator::getIRString(llvm::Module *llvmModule, const CliOptions &cliOptions) {
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 10893 assert(llvmModule != nullptr); // Make sure the module hasn't been moved away
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 10893 const bool eliminateTarget = cliOptions.comparableOutput && cliOptions.isNativeTarget;
866
867 // Backup target triple and data layout
868
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 10893 const llvm::Triple targetTriple = llvmModule->getTargetTriple();
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 10893 const std::string targetDataLayout = llvmModule->getDataLayoutStr();
870 // Remove target triple and data layout
871
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 10893 if (eliminateTarget) {
872 10681 llvmModule->setTargetTriple(llvm::Triple());
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 10681 llvmModule->setDataLayout("");
874 }
875
876 // Get IR string
877 10893 std::string output;
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 10893 llvm::raw_string_ostream oss(output);
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 10893 llvmModule->print(oss, nullptr);
880
881 // Restore target triple and data layout
882
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 10893 if (eliminateTarget) {
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 10681 llvmModule->setTargetTriple(targetTriple);
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 10681 llvmModule->setDataLayout(targetDataLayout);
885 }
886
887 10893 return output;
888 10893 }
889
890 /**
891 * Returns the operator function list for the current manifestation and the given node
892 *
893 * @param node Node to retrieve the op fct pointer list from
894 * @return Op fct pointer list
895 */
896 180610 const std::vector<const Function *> &IRGenerator::getOpFctPointers(const ASTNode *node) const {
897
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 180610 assert(node->getOpFctPointers()->size() > manIdx);
898 180610 return node->getOpFctPointers()->at(manIdx);
899 }
900
901 } // namespace spice::compiler
902